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Omar Khayyam: Omar Khayyam was a 12th-century Persian polymath who made significant contributions to mathematics, philosophy, astronomy, and poetry. He is best known for his work on cubic equations, calendar reform, and his poetry collection, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Khayyam’s book, Discussions of the Difficulties in Euclid, was a critical analysis of Euclid’s Elements, particularly the parallel postulate. His work laid the foundations for analytic geometry and non-Euclidean geometry . Khayyam was the first to find the general geometric solution to cubic equations . He also made significant contributions to calendar reform and designed the Jalali calendar, a solar calendar with a precise 33-year intercalation cycle 3. This calendar is still in use in Iran and Afghanistan. In addition to his mathematical and astronomical contributions, Khayyam was also a celebrated poet. His poetry collection, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, has been translated into many languages and is widely read around the world