The Persistence and Function of Superstitious Beliefs:

From Everyday Rituals to Beliefs in Witchcraft

Abstract:

Superstitious beliefs, defined as unfounded beliefs in supernatural causality where specific actions, objects, or circumstances are thought to influence unrelated outcomes, represent a pervasive aspect of human cognition and culture. ¹ This abstract explores the nature, origins, and functions of these beliefs, which range significantly in scope and intensity—from common, relatively benign practices (e.g., avoiding black cats, knocking on wood) aimed at managing luck or warding off minor misfortune, to deeply ingrained convictions concerning malevolent supernatural forces, such as witchcraft. Psychologically, superstitions often stem from cognitive biases, including illusory pattern perception and a desire for control in uncertain situations, serving as mechanisms for anxiety reduction and coping with existential threats. ² Sociocultural, these beliefs are transmitted and reinforced through shared narratives, traditions, and social learning, often becoming embedded within community worldviews. ³ The persistence of beliefs in concepts like witchcraft, and the associated emergence of practices aimed at identifying and neutralizing perceived threats (sometimes involving figures analogous to 'witch doctors' or healers engaging in counter-rituals), highlights a more extreme manifestation of superstitious thought. These particular belief systems often arise in contexts of social stress, unexplained misfortune, or perceived vulnerability, and can have profound impacts on individual behaviour, social cohesion, and, in some cases, lead to conflict or persecution. Understanding the cognitive architecture and the socio-cultural scaffolding that supports the spectrum of superstitious beliefs, including those involving witchcraft, is crucial for comprehending human meaning-making processes and the diverse ways societies grapple with uncertainty and perceived danger: 

This video is an example: