Chapter 2

Exiles and Entrepreneurs - The Iranian Diaspora in the West

The Iranian diaspora in the West represents a complex tapestry of exile and enterprise, shaped by a variety of historical, political, and socio-economic factors. This essay explores the causes of migration, the formation and evolution of diaspora communities, notable success stories, a spectrum of views within these communities, and their intricate relationship with Iran.

 

Causes of Migration

The significant waves of Iranian migration to the West can be traced back to the late 20th century, with the most substantial exodus occurring after the Iranian Revolution of 1979. The overthrow of the Shah and the establishment of the Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini triggered a mass exodus. This migration was fuelled by political repression, fear of persecution, and the desire for greater personal and economic freedoms. Intellectuals, political dissidents, and those associated with the former regime were among the first to leave. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) further exacerbated the situation, compelling more Iranians to seek safety and stability abroad.

Economic factors also played a role. The fluctuating Iranian economy, impacted by sanctions, political instability, and mismanagement, pushed many Iranians to seek better opportunities in the West. The allure of advanced education and professional growth in Western countries acted as a pull factor, attracting a significant number of students and professionals.

 

Diaspora Communities

Iranian diaspora communities have established themselves prominently in various Western countries, particularly the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. In the United States, Los Angeles, often dubbed "Tehrangeles," hosts one of the largest Iranian populations outside Iran. Other significant communities exist in New York, Toronto, Vancouver, and London.

These communities have developed vibrant cultural hubs, maintaining Persian traditions, language, and festivals. Persian restaurants, cultural centers, and media outlets play a crucial role in preserving and promoting Iranian heritage. The Nowruz (Persian New Year) celebration is a particularly prominent event that underscores the cultural continuity among the diaspora.

 

Success Stories

The Iranian diaspora boasts numerous success stories across various fields, showcasing the community's resilience and entrepreneurial spirit. In academia, individuals like Harvard professor Ali Akbar Salehi and Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi have made significant contributions. In the business world, entrepreneurs such as Pierre Omidyar, the founder of eBay, and Anousheh Ansari, a pioneering tech entrepreneur and space tourist, stand out.

In the arts, filmmakers like Asghar Farhadi, whose works have gained international acclaim, and artists like Shirin Neshat have brought Iranian culture to global audiences. The fashion industry also features prominent figures like designer Behnaz Sarafpour. These success stories highlight the diverse talents and achievements of the Iranian diaspora.

 

A Spectrum of Views

The Iranian diaspora is far from monolithic, encompassing a wide spectrum of political, social, and cultural views. Political affiliations range from staunch supporters of the Pahlavi monarchy to advocates of the current Islamic Republic, and everything in between. This diversity often leads to vibrant but contentious debates within the community.

Socially, there is a range of attitudes towards assimilation and cultural preservation. Some members of the diaspora strive to maintain traditional Iranian customs and values, while others emphasize integration into Western societies. Generational differences also play a role, with younger Iranians often adopting a more hybrid identity that blends both Iranian and Western influences.

 

Tangled Relationship with Iran

The relationship between the Iranian diaspora and Iran is complex and multifaceted. For many, Iran remains a homeland imbued with nostalgia and cultural pride, despite the political and economic turmoil. Regular visits, remittances, and investments back home signify ongoing connections.

However, the relationship is also marked by tension and ambivalence. The Islamic Republic's policies, including human rights abuses, censorship, and political repression, have led to criticism and activism among diaspora members. Organizations and movements advocating for democracy, women's rights, and minority rights in Iran often find significant support within the diaspora.

Conversely, the Iranian government has a mixed stance towards the diaspora. While it seeks to harness the financial and intellectual capital of Iranians abroad, it also views parts of the diaspora with suspicion, particularly those involved in political activism.

 

Conclusion

The Iranian diaspora in the West exemplifies a narrative of exile and entrepreneurship, underpinned by diverse experiences and perspectives. From the causes of migration rooted in political upheaval and economic aspiration to the formation of dynamic diaspora communities, Iranians abroad have made significant contributions to their adopted countries while maintaining strong ties to their heritage. Success stories across various fields underscore the community's resilience and adaptability, even as a spectrum of views and a tangled relationship with Iran continue to shape their collective identity.